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Fred Urquhart spent a lifetime

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unraveling the secrets
of the Monarch butterfly.

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It has been
said, since Darwin's time,

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that evolution is written
on the wings of butterflies.

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My destiny was written
on the wings of one.

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As a young boy
in the 1920s, near Toronto,

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Fred wondered where
all the Monarch butterflies

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were flying to each fall.

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He could never have dreamt
that each year,

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these Monarchs
join millions of others

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on an extraordinary
journey south

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to a remote
and distant hideaway.

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We begin
our Monarch story today

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in a different time and place.

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Every spring,
Monarch butterflies arrive here

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in the Texas Hill Country.

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It's one stage
in a year-long cycle

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that will take
at least three generations.

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Each generation must survive
through egg, caterpillar,

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chrysalis and adult butterfly.

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Amongst the spring flowers,

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this female has found
a plant called milkweed.

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Most varieties contain
some level of poison.

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Animals avoid it.

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00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:20,511
But it's the only plant Monarchs
lay their eggs on.

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Inside this egg
is a hungry caterpillar.

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After hatching,
it snacks on its egg casing.

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Then milkweed
is all it ever eats.

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Milkweed is bitter-tasting.

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The caterpillars
can tolerate it,

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but it makes them
an unpleasant meal

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for predators.

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Even with
this milkweed protection,

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Monarchs are still
a major food source

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for birds and insects.

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Less than one percent
of eggs and caterpillars

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will survive
to become adult butterflies.

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This is one of the lucky ones.

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We will call her Dana,

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from her Latin name,
Danaus plexippus.

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Dana and her offspring

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must stay lucky
for generations

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to survive the year ahead.

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By the 1940s,

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I had become a scientist,

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and finding where the Monarchs
went had become my quest.

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I had the idea that sticking
tags on butterflies

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might work,

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but no one back then
had ever tagged insects.

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So I kept on testing
different glues,

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and made tiny tags,

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and tried to imitate
a butterfly.

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Back in Texas,
Dana has mated.

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Now, she must meet
new challenges.

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As the season advances,

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the dry Texas heat
slows the milkweed growth.

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Dana and her fellow survivors
must fly,

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following the spring bloom.

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The Southern Monarchs
surge north,

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laying eggs as they go.

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Up to three generations
over six months

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can swell Monarch numbers
to as many as half a billion.

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By the early 1950s,

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I had finally solved
the tagging problem.

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Ready?
This one's ready to go.

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The newly
invented sticky labels

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being used on groceries
were the answer.

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They were so darn difficult
to pick off,

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we tested them on Monarchs.

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They worked.

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Oh!

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He gave you
a little kiss good-bye.

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What do you think, Nora?

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While teaching,
I had found another love,

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Nora, a fellow butterfly fan.

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I can't thank
our friends enough.

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This is wonderful
of them coming out here,

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taking the time
to do this, but...

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Our challenge now
was to find a way to tag them

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all across
their breeding grounds.

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As Nora said,
"We need a big idea

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to keep up
with these little critters."

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Who will we get?

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Dana is flying
northeast from Texas.

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On the way,

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she lays eggs
on milkweed bordering fields.

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00:10:03,187 --> 00:10:04,813
As farms get bigger,

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these borders disappear

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and with them,
the Monarch's nurseries.

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But Dana escapes, and lives on,

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until all her 300
or so eggs are laid.

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This is now Dana's daughter.

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Like the generation before,
she feeds on milkweed,

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and then... becomes a butterfly,

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and feeds on nectar.

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Nora and I had that big idea.

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We formed the Insect
Migration Association.

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We asked for volunteers.

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They were known as
"citizen scientists,"

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and our tagging efforts as
"the great butterfly hunt".

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By the 1960s, we had
over 4,000 helpers.

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Dana's daughter
finds a safe haven

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in the fields of
an abandoned farm.

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Amongst the flowers,
she also finds a mate.

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Together, they will create

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the next generation of Monarchs.

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With her eggs fertilized,

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Dana's daughter is ready
to begin laying.

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But this time,
the threat comes from the sky.

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Startled by the crop duster,

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Dana's daughter must fly on

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until she finds milkweed.

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In a new Toronto suburb,

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she zeroes in on a garden.

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It's been planted especially

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to attract and feed butterflies.

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It's an oasis of flowers,

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promising all sorts of nectar
and milkweed.

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She will now lay her eggs;

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eggs with a truly
remarkable destiny.

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Nora, do you have the letter
with the found tag

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that came in this morning?

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Somewhere in
Oklahoma, wasn't it?

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Altus, to be exact, Freddie.

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By 1967, our unique family

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of citizen scientists
were writing in

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from all over North America.

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This is one of the 500
we sent to Buffalo.

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Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo,
Buffalo... got it.

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We sent out tags

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to everyone who wrote to us.

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When the tagged butterflies
were found,

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their details were returned.

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With this information,

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we were able to begin
to plot their flight paths.

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00:15:37,062 --> 00:15:38,981
Thank you.

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Done.

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Emerging from this egg
is Dana's granddaughter.

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Hatching in
the butterfly garden,

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she is the third generation

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since the Texas meadows.

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Each of these Monarchs

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is part of a "super generation"

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destined for
a spectacular journey.

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In two weeks,

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she will be 2,000 times larger.

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Dana's granddaughter
finds a safe place

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for her next stage.

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Like all Monarch caterpillars,

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she has cells that can develop
into an adult butterfly.

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In the next 15 hours,

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her final
caterpillar skin splits,

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and beneath, a new skin
hardens into a chrysalis.

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Inside, specialized cells
nourish new tissue growth.

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Fed oxygen by hundreds
of fine breathing tubes,

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her brain, heart
and digestive tract

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change shape and size.

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New powerful
flight muscles develop

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and compound eyes form.

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Long legs and sturdy wings
complete the transformation.

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In two weeks,

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Dana's granddaughter
has remodeled herself

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into a butterfly.

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But she will be different...

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a super butterfly,

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destined to live
eight times longer

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and fly much farther than
her mother and grandmother.

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00:19:06,939 --> 00:19:09,191
She warms her virgin wings,

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covered with over
a million scales.

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These wings will
take her on a flight

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to a secret winter home.

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The angle of the sun is
getting lower in the sky.

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The days are shorter and colder.

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She senses these signals.

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It's time to fly south.

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After negotiating
city skyscrapers,

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the next obstacle
for Dana's granddaughter

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is the wide open water
of the Great Lakes.

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There will be
many more challenges

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on her epic journey to
a place she has never known.

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For years we charted

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the different flight paths
of the Monarchs.

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A curious pattern began
to emerge.

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Most of these Monarchs were
flying southwest into Texas,

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00:21:22,282 --> 00:21:23,784
but that would mean
they were all

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gathering there unnoticed.

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How on earth could that be?

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00:21:31,458 --> 00:21:35,295
Well, there was one way
to find out.

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We moved our research to Texas
for the winter of 1970,

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00:21:47,766 --> 00:21:51,436
and during every spare moment,
Nora and I were on the road.

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Traveling more
than 14,000 miles,

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we searched high and low for
large gatherings of Monarchs.

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00:22:28,390 --> 00:22:30,142
But it wasn't to be.

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00:22:30,225 --> 00:22:32,561
We found none.

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00:22:36,982 --> 00:22:39,818
Despite spending
two decades tagging

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00:22:39,902 --> 00:22:42,196
with all those good people
helping us,

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00:22:42,279 --> 00:22:46,283
I still had no evidence
of the missing Monarchs.

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00:22:48,368 --> 00:22:52,706
It was like
a butterfly black hole.

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To make her extra long journey,

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Dana's granddaughter builds up
fat and conserves her energy.

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00:23:23,779 --> 00:23:27,533
She will not mate and she will
catch free rides on the winds,

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sometimes flying a mile high.

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00:23:34,122 --> 00:23:37,543
Monarchs are
beautifully evolved navigators.

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00:23:38,418 --> 00:23:41,672
Their DNA reveals clues
about their exceptional ability

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to migrate so accurately.

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00:23:47,219 --> 00:23:50,138
The multipurpose antennae
constantly track time

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00:23:50,222 --> 00:23:52,182
and the position of the sun.

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00:23:52,266 --> 00:23:55,769
They feed a stream
of signals to her brain.

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00:23:57,813 --> 00:24:01,984
Tiny hairs on her head
gauge the wind.

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00:24:02,067 --> 00:24:05,571
Her supersensitive eyes
see light waves

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00:24:05,654 --> 00:24:08,657
and colors far beyond ours.

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00:24:14,413 --> 00:24:18,709
As the sun moves across the sky
and she keeps time,

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00:24:18,792 --> 00:24:23,797
like an insect GPS,
she fine-tunes her flight path.

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00:24:26,592 --> 00:24:31,013
She smells with her antennae
and she tastes with her feet,

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00:24:31,096 --> 00:24:35,642
detecting the nectar
she needs each night to refuel.

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00:24:35,726 --> 00:24:40,397
These adaptations, and some
we have yet to discover,

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00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:44,234
make the Monarch
a master of migration.

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00:24:51,533 --> 00:24:53,535
Back in Canada we received

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00:24:53,619 --> 00:24:56,622
a letter that changed
everything.

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00:24:56,705 --> 00:25:01,376
Nora, dear,
I think we may have something.

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00:25:01,460 --> 00:25:02,961
Dear Dr. Urquhart,

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00:25:03,045 --> 00:25:04,796
I read with interest
your article

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00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:06,632
on the Monarch butterflies
in my local paper

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00:25:06,715 --> 00:25:08,300
in Mexico City.

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00:25:08,383 --> 00:25:11,637
It occurred to me
that I might be of some help.

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00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:16,058
When driving through the Sierra
Madre Occidental mountain range,

229
00:25:16,141 --> 00:25:18,560
about 120 miles due west
of Mexico City,

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00:25:18,644 --> 00:25:20,646
I came across wet
and tattered Monarchs

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00:25:20,729 --> 00:25:23,065
that had been brought down
in a rainstorm.

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00:25:33,075 --> 00:25:35,536
The letter was from Ken Brugger,

233
00:25:35,619 --> 00:25:38,872
an American inventor
working in Mexico.

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00:25:41,124 --> 00:25:43,210
On his way to meet
his girlfriend,

235
00:25:43,293 --> 00:25:47,047
he had come across something
he wasn't expecting.

236
00:26:00,143 --> 00:26:02,729
Diego, look right at me.

237
00:26:02,813 --> 00:26:04,481
After this encounter,

238
00:26:04,565 --> 00:26:06,358
Ken responded to an article

239
00:26:06,441 --> 00:26:11,572
Nora had placed in a Mexican
newspaper, asking for help.

240
00:26:15,284 --> 00:26:17,911
Romance had blossomed for Ken.

241
00:26:17,995 --> 00:26:19,830
He married Catalina Aguado.

242
00:26:19,913 --> 00:26:22,791
Gracias.

243
00:26:22,875 --> 00:26:24,835
As a girl, she was enchanted

244
00:26:24,918 --> 00:26:28,380
by small groups of Monarchs
flying and resting

245
00:26:28,463 --> 00:26:30,215
along the cool riverside.

246
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:34,845
They were the ideal team.

247
00:26:34,928 --> 00:26:36,680
So we hired them.

248
00:26:36,763 --> 00:26:38,473
Catalina.

249
00:26:40,642 --> 00:26:42,561
Here you go, love.

250
00:26:42,644 --> 00:26:43,812
Now we had

251
00:26:43,896 --> 00:26:45,814
two citizen scientists
in Mexico.

252
00:26:45,898 --> 00:26:47,024
- You ready?
- Yep.

253
00:26:47,107 --> 00:26:48,483
Watch your foot.

254
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:16,803
Rumors spread that Ken
and Catalina were looking

255
00:27:16,887 --> 00:27:19,473
for rare minerals
or hidden treasure.

256
00:27:19,556 --> 00:27:20,974
Hola.

257
00:27:21,058 --> 00:27:23,644
- Buenos dias.
- Buenos dias.

258
00:27:27,314 --> 00:27:28,899
It's okay, it's okay.

259
00:27:34,404 --> 00:27:36,114
- No.
- No. -No.

260
00:27:36,198 --> 00:27:37,908
No. -No. -No.

261
00:27:37,991 --> 00:27:39,326
Tu?

262
00:27:43,622 --> 00:27:45,541
Bueno? Tu?

263
00:27:45,624 --> 00:27:46,750
Gracias.

264
00:27:51,588 --> 00:27:55,509
Adios!

265
00:28:01,098 --> 00:28:03,350
After two years of dead ends,

266
00:28:03,433 --> 00:28:05,602
Catalina deciphers a clue

267
00:28:05,686 --> 00:28:08,689
to where the Monarchs
might be gathering.

268
00:28:14,361 --> 00:28:18,365
Early November is
the Day of the Dead festival,

269
00:28:18,448 --> 00:28:22,369
el Dia de los Muertos.

270
00:28:22,452 --> 00:28:26,248
It is the time to honor
departed loved ones.

271
00:28:26,331 --> 00:28:29,918
In the states
of Mexico and Michoacan,

272
00:28:30,002 --> 00:28:33,422
Monarchs drift
through the cemeteries.

273
00:28:36,633 --> 00:28:41,889
Folklore embraces them as
the returning souls of children.

274
00:28:41,972 --> 00:28:44,183
Ken.

275
00:28:44,266 --> 00:28:47,269
For Catalina,

276
00:28:47,352 --> 00:28:53,108
her childhood memories take on
a new significance.

277
00:28:53,192 --> 00:28:56,987
Did the flight of
the butterflies point the way?

278
00:29:09,416 --> 00:29:14,838
Early one winter morning in
1975, Ken and Catalina set out

279
00:29:14,922 --> 00:29:18,675
for the mountaintop
of Cerro Pelon.

280
00:31:00,402 --> 00:31:02,404
Freddie?

281
00:31:03,989 --> 00:31:05,324
Freddie?

282
00:31:05,407 --> 00:31:08,452
Honey, you all right?

283
00:31:12,456 --> 00:31:15,250
They found them.

284
00:31:15,334 --> 00:31:18,712
Ken and Catalina
have found the Monarchs.

285
00:31:22,382 --> 00:31:25,427
That's wonderful.

286
00:31:25,511 --> 00:31:27,930
High up in
the mountains.

287
00:31:28,013 --> 00:31:30,015
Millions of them.

288
00:31:41,485 --> 00:31:43,403
It was marvelous to learn

289
00:31:43,487 --> 00:31:46,198
about so many butterflies.

290
00:31:49,493 --> 00:31:52,329
But I still had no proof

291
00:31:52,412 --> 00:31:56,083
that those millions
had migrated from the North.

292
00:32:16,144 --> 00:32:19,815
That September in
the northern state of Minnesota,

293
00:32:19,898 --> 00:32:24,361
Jim Street and Dean Boen,
with their teacher Mr. Gilbert,

294
00:32:24,444 --> 00:32:29,158
carefully log tag PS 397.

295
00:32:34,204 --> 00:32:36,582
All right.

296
00:32:48,343 --> 00:32:52,264
Every autumn,
the super butterflies head south

297
00:32:52,347 --> 00:32:54,266
in the millions.

298
00:32:54,349 --> 00:32:59,313
Dana's granddaughter is flying
from the Great Lakes to Texas.

299
00:33:01,815 --> 00:33:04,151
With extraordinary aim,

300
00:33:04,234 --> 00:33:08,572
she will funnel across
the Rio Grande into Mexico.

301
00:33:10,157 --> 00:33:13,702
Her target is
a few forested peaks

302
00:33:13,785 --> 00:33:16,205
amongst thousands.

303
00:33:23,045 --> 00:33:26,632
When she arrives,
this tiny creature

304
00:33:26,715 --> 00:33:31,512
will have completed one of the
longest migrations on Earth.

305
00:33:34,848 --> 00:33:38,185
This is the mountainside
that offered sanctuary

306
00:33:38,268 --> 00:33:42,940
to her great-grandmother
exactly one year before.

307
00:33:43,023 --> 00:33:45,400
It is the perfect place.

308
00:33:48,028 --> 00:33:52,574
Far enough south
for the sun's warmth,

309
00:33:52,658 --> 00:33:57,329
yet, at 10,000 feet, it's cool
in the evergreen forest,

310
00:33:57,412 --> 00:34:01,041
with just the right
amount of moisture.

311
00:34:06,255 --> 00:34:09,341
In this fragile microclimate,

312
00:34:09,424 --> 00:34:12,344
Dana's granddaughter
will slow down,

313
00:34:12,427 --> 00:34:14,763
clustering for warmth
and protection,

314
00:34:14,847 --> 00:34:19,601
and living off her fat reserves
until spring.

315
00:35:10,152 --> 00:35:12,154
Yet, even here,

316
00:35:12,237 --> 00:35:16,742
Dana's granddaughter
will face challenges.

317
00:35:16,825 --> 00:35:20,454
Many of the trees
have been cut down.

318
00:35:26,126 --> 00:35:28,378
And as the climate changes,

319
00:35:28,462 --> 00:35:32,966
the combination of cold and
wet storms kills millions.

320
00:35:38,597 --> 00:35:43,101
But for the survivors,
it is a winter sanctuary.

321
00:36:06,124 --> 00:36:09,878
On January 9, 1976,

322
00:36:09,962 --> 00:36:13,465
the Urquharts
made the trek to Mexico,

323
00:36:13,549 --> 00:36:16,885
despite the warnings
from Fred's doctor.

324
00:36:44,913 --> 00:36:46,290
Heavens above.

325
00:37:00,637 --> 00:37:02,222
It's unbelievable.

326
00:37:03,974 --> 00:37:05,225
Unbelievable.

327
00:37:07,978 --> 00:37:11,231
What a glorious,
incredible sight.

328
00:38:01,824 --> 00:38:04,451
I could not believe
what I was seeing.

329
00:38:10,332 --> 00:38:13,252
One of our tags.

330
00:38:15,003 --> 00:38:17,172
I was holding
indisputable proof

331
00:38:17,256 --> 00:38:21,134
of an incredible journey.

332
00:38:26,306 --> 00:38:29,852
One fragile,
wind-tossed scrap of life,

333
00:38:29,935 --> 00:38:33,188
symbolized both the marvel
of the Monarchs,

334
00:38:33,272 --> 00:38:36,608
and the priceless rewards

335
00:38:36,692 --> 00:38:41,238
of finally resolving
an age-old scientific mystery.

336
00:38:43,657 --> 00:38:47,452
For one truly magic moment,

337
00:38:49,121 --> 00:38:50,956
time stood still.

338
00:39:56,688 --> 00:39:58,690
Those who survive the winter

339
00:39:58,774 --> 00:40:02,653
drink in the spring warmth.

340
00:40:02,736 --> 00:40:06,907
The longer days awaken
the dormant urge to mate.

341
00:40:09,201 --> 00:40:12,871
Amongst the mating females
is Dana's granddaughter.

342
00:40:15,958 --> 00:40:20,212
Now it's time for her
to make a final flight.

343
00:41:08,135 --> 00:41:10,220
Catching the winds north,

344
00:41:10,304 --> 00:41:12,931
she will make her way to Texas,

345
00:41:13,015 --> 00:41:17,144
where, just like her
great-grandmother,

346
00:41:17,227 --> 00:41:20,898
she will lay eggs
on the spring milkweed.

347
00:41:23,442 --> 00:41:27,404
And as it has
for thousands of years,

348
00:41:27,488 --> 00:41:31,492
the Monarchs'
remarkable annual cycle

349
00:41:31,575 --> 00:41:34,578
will begin again.